The Conspiracy

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

La creación de varios antecedentes a los Protocolos apunta a Rusia, donde varios autores señalaron a los judíos como responsables de socavar a empresarios cristianos, tratar de apoderarse de sus bienes y hacerse del poder. “Los judíos quieren dividir a la sociedad rusa”, decían. Se menciona a autores como Jacob Brafman, Osman Bey y Hippolytus Lutostansky, como responsables de la publicación de libros como The Local and Universal Jewish Brotherhoods, The Conquest of the World by the Jews y The Talmud and the Jews, que intentaban mostrar conspiraciones para quedarse con el gobierno y el poder. En vocabulario: hardline, aforementioned, esque, minted, falling out, posited, y verbatim. Para saber: Narodnaya Volya

Había resentimiento contra los judíos en Rusia pero la idea de una conspiración internacional fue armada a partir de 1860…

Towards the end of the 18th century, following the Partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire inherited the world's largest Jewish population. The Jews lived in shtetls in the West of the Empire, in the Pale of Settlement and until the 1840s, local Jewish affairs were organised through the qahal, the semi-autonomous Jewish government, including for purposes of taxation and conscription into the Imperial Russian Army. Following the ascent of liberalism in Europe, the Russian ruling class became more hardline in its reactionary policies, upholding the banner of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, whereby non-Orthodox and non-Russian subjects, including the Jews, were not always embraced. Jews who attempted to assimilate were regarded with suspicion as potential "infiltrators" supposedly trying to "take over society", while Jews who remained attached to traditional Jewish culture were resented as undesirable aliens.

Resentment towards Jews, for the aforementioned reasons, existed in Russian society, but the idea of a Protocols-esque international Jewish conspiracy for world domination was minted in the 1860s. Jacob Brafman, a Russian Jew from Minsk, had a falling out with agents of the local qahal and consequently turned against Judaism. He subsequently converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and authored polemics against the Talmud and the qahal. Brafman claimed in his books The Local and Universal Jewish Brotherhoods (1868) and The Book of the Kahal (1869), published in Vilna, that the qahal continued to exist in secret and that it had as its principal aim undermining Christian entrepreneurs, taking over their property and ultimately seizing power. He also claimed that it was an international conspiratorial network, under the central control of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. The Vilna Talmudist, Jacob Barit, attempted to refute Brafman's claim.

Hippolytus Lutostansky

The impact of Brafman's work took on an international aspect when it was translated into English, French, German and other languages. The image of the "kahal" as a secret international Jewish shadow government working as a state within a state was picked up by anti-Jewish publications in Russia and was taken seriously by some Russian officials. This was around the time of the Narodnaya Volya assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and the subsequent pogroms. In France it was translated by Monsignor Ernest Jouin in 1925, who supported the Protocols. In 1928, Siegfried Passarge, a geographer who later gave his support to the Nazis, translated it into German.

Aside from Brafman, there were other early writings which posited a similar concept to the Protocols. This includes The Conquest of the World by the Jews (1878), published in Basel and authored by Osman Bey. Bey's work was followed up by Hippolytus Lutostansky's The Talmud and the Jews (1879) which claimed that Jews wanted to divide Russia among themselves. Incidentally, in a 1904 edition of The Talmud and the Jews, Hippolytus directly quoted verbatim the first, little-known 1903 edition of the Protocols.

Para saber

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

A shtetl was a small town with a large Jewish population, which existed in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust.

The Pale of Settlement was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed. The Pale of Settlement included all of Belarus, Lithuania and Moldova, much of Ukraine, parts of eastern Latvia, eastern Poland, and some parts of western Russia.

The Alliance Israelite Universelle is a Paris-based international Jewish organization founded in 1860 by the French statesman Adolphe Crémieux to safeguard the human rights of Jews around the world.

Alliance girls schools in Jerusalem, 1935

Narodnaya Volya was a 19th-century revolutionary political organization in the Russian Empire which conducted assassinations of government officials in an attempt to overthrow the autocratic system and stop the government reforms of Alexander II of Russia.

Vocabulario

hardline: strict, diehard, extreme, tough, inflexible.

aforementioned: denoting a thing or person previously mentioned.

"songs from the aforementioned album"

esque: (forming adjectives) in the style of; resembling.

"carnivalesque"

minted: produced.

falling out: a quarrel or disagreement.

"the two of them had a falling-out"

posited: postulated, propounded.

verbatim: in exactly the same words as were used originally.

"subjects were instructed to recall the passage verbatim"

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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fabricated anti-Semitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination... The Protocols

Esto es parte del archivo: Los Protocolos de la Discordia